NEONATAL RESUSCITATION WITH INTACT UMBILICAL CORD

This paper was published in Midwifery Today Magazine, Issue 102, Summer 2012   

Click here for video of webinar presented to students at Midwives College of Utah based on this paper.

Abstract

This paper investigates neonatal resuscitation with the umbilical cord intact.  Research confirms numerous immediate and long-term benefits to leaving the cord intact while performing neonatal resuscitation in both term and preterm neonates, while doing no harm.   Current neonatal resuscitation guidelines from around the world are discussed with respect to the cord.  Methods for incorporating an intact cord into standard resuscitation procedures are explored. 

Neonatal Resuscitation with Intact Umbilical Cord 

                In many birth places, including birth centres, hospitals and home, neonatal resuscitation equipment is set up out of the way of the birth area.  In hospitals, assessment and resuscitation of newborns almost always occurs on a large table across the room and far from mother.  Obviously this requires severing the umbilical cord.  In addition to the physiological advantages of leaving the cord intact, keeping the baby close to mother reduces maternal stress (and surely infant fear too (Strange, 2009)) and helps facilitate bonding (Wright, 2011).  We can do better.  Term and preterm neonates are safer and healthier when neonatal resuscitation includes delayed cord clamping[1].

                During pregnancy, the umbilical cord provides oxygen and transfers blood between the placenta and the baby.  Nature has perfectly designed a placental transfusion to carry the blood through the cord and into the newborn baby.  If the cord is intact, then oxygenation continues after birth until the newborn lungs have transitioned to air, a process that takes 30 to 90 seconds in a full-term infant.  If a newborn isn’t breathing independently then the placenta is nature’s neonatal life-support system.   Newborns are not simply tiny adults.  The newborn heart can beat for 20 minutes or longer despite anoxia and the brain can tolerate lack of oxygen for this duration of time (Resuscitation Council (UK), 2001; Frye, 2004; World Health Organization, 1999).  Newborns cope well with hypoxia but struggle with hypovolemia.  At the moment of birth 30 to 50% of the baby’s blood volume is in the placenta.  Immediate clamping deprives the baby of that blood.  Adults are in perilous danger of hypovolemic shock and receive blood transfusions at 15 to 30% blood-loss. 

                The benefits of delayed clamping are well documented.  Immediate cord clamping is now being compared with blood-letting.  However neonates who are compromised or require resuscitation and desperately need all their blood almost always get their cord severed immediately.  In spite of research saying otherwise, it’s still common practise at most births, usually due to outdated theories or habit.  As more parents request delayed clamping, newborns are more likely to receive their full volume of blood. 

                As delayed clamping becomes a hot topic there are some aspects that need clarification: time interval, milking the cord, gravity and the myth of causing harm.  “Delayed” isn’t a long time: the rate of transfusion is about half the blood in 1 minute and nearly 100% over the next 2 to 5 minutes.  What about cord stripping?  Parents-to-be may be told that if the cord can’t be left intact then it will be “milked,” implying the benefits are the same.  It’s the time interval of delayed clamping that has clinical benefits, not whether the cord is milked (Fogelson, 2011).

                During the first 45 to 60 seconds of life, arterial pressure pumps blood into the neonate, so the height differential between the placenta and baby doesn’t matter.  After that, veins drain blood into the neonate and height matters more.  Full placental transfusion occurs with the baby from 10 centimeters above to 40 centimeters below placenta, which is about the position of baby on mother’s abdomen or lap (Yao & Lind, 1969). 

                Leaving the umbilical cord intact does not lead to pathological jaundice.  The naturally occurring physiological newborn jaundice has no clinical significance.  Many practitioners believe leaving the cord intact leads to other adverse effects such as tachypnea, grunting, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia and hyperviscosity.  If transient these are often not clinically significant issues but rather a normal part of physiological compensation during newborn transition (Tolosa et al., 2010).

                Babies with delayed clamping fare better.  They have 40% more blood volume, a 45% increased hematocrit, a 50% increase in red blood cell counts and ferritin is up to 50% higher (Fogelson, 2011).  The benefits are greater in SGA or preterm infants and those born to mothers with low ferritin at birth.  The effects of delayed clamping can be seen well past the newborn period.  Term infants are protected from anaemia and iron deficiency for at least 6 months (Chaparro, Neufeld, Alavez, Cedillo & Dewey, 2006).  This is vital where infant and pediatric anaemia is common, such as impoverished areas. 

                Mercer et al. (2006) compared data from premature infants that had a 30 to 45 second delay in clamping and intubation, and from those who were immediately clamped and intubated.  There was no statistically significant difference in mortality rates.  The delayed clamping group fared better in common premie health issues, with lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia,  intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) (14% versus 36%) and sepsis (3% versus 22%).  In addition to the higher rates of IVH, cases were more severe in the early clamping group.  Preterm neonates with delayed cord clamping are less likely to require blood transfusion, ventilation and oxygen therapy, and have lower rates of anaemia at 6 months.  They have more stable blood pressures and thrive better (Asfour & Bewley, 2011).  A 1-minute delay in cord clamping resulted in remarkably elevated red blood cell volume and weekly haematocrit compared to early clamping in neonates of 30 to 36 weeks gestation (Tolosa, Park, Eve, Klasko, Borlongan & Sanberg, 2010).

                Of course, if a baby is born flat with a limp, non-pulsing cord then the cord is no longer working.  This is the rare case when immediate clamping and aggressive resuscitation is warranted. 

                Neonatal resuscitation guidelines in Canada, Australia, Europe and the United Kingdom recommend delayed  clamping for a minimum time range from 1 minute to when the cord stops pulsing in healthy neonates.  These same guidelines cite insufficient evidence to recommend an optimal time of clamping the cord of infants requiring resuscitation.  Not one of them recommends immediate clamping and cutting as part of care, including the American guidelines which say nothing about timing of cord clamping.  The UK and Australian guidelines go so far as to advise waiting 3 minutes in healthy preterm infants for “increased blood pressure during stabilisation, a lower incidence of IVH and fewer blood transfusions” (Resuscitation Council (UK), 2010; Australian Resuscitation Council, 2010).  The UK guidelines also speculate that cord clamping with resuscitation could be delayed until the baby has started breathing.  WHO (1999) advises it’s unnecessary to clamp the cord before beginning resuscitation and to not waste time moving to a special place, as mother's bed is usually warm and suitable. 

                The requirements of medicalized neonatal resuscitation are warmth, a firm surface, suction and access to the umbilicus.  Other priorities include comfortable position for staff and the ability to draw umbilical blood for cord-gas analysis.  A warm firm surface can be the bed or surface where baby is born.   In this author’s 2011 poll of 34 midwives from around the world, most reported that they perform resuscitation with the cord intact using the bed, side of a pool designed for water-birth, part of an adult human body (mother or midwife) or a portable board with a warm-pack. 

                Suction can be from a main hospital line, resuscitation machine or a portable unit such as those used at homebirths.  The umbilicus is accessed to provide drugs and fluids.  If the cord is left intact, then fluids are already being provided.  Drugs are rarely required for resuscitation, and it’s likely they would be required far less often if cords were intact.  Since extensive resuscitation is rarely required can we not be uncomfortable once in awhile, bending over the baby rather than performing resuscitation at our standing height?   Even if one requires cord-gases for medical reasons rather than protection from litigation, they can wait.   Cord-gas results don’t change significantly if taken immediately after birth or after 2 minutes of delayed clamping (De Paco, Florido, Garrido, Prados & Navarrete, 2011; Asfour & Bewley, 2011). 

                If one prefers a newborn resuscitation table, then there are alternatives to what’s currently being used in most hospitals.  Dr. Andrew Weeks and a team at University of Liverpool designed the award-winning BASICS (Bedside Assessment, Stabilisation and Initial Cardiorespiratory Support) Trolley, a smaller portable neonatal resuscitation table that can be used alongside the mother, even for caesarean birth (University of Liverpool, 2011).  It includes oxygen, suction and heat.  Dr. Weeks says, “It is crazy that the most vulnerable babies are born and whisked off and surrounded by a scrum of doctors” (Wright, 2011). 

                Many midwives are already doing the good work of leaving cords intact, even for resuscitation.  As further research is available and better equipment is implemented in hospitals, neonatal resuscitation may include nature’s life-line -- the full placental transfusion. 

 

About the author:  Angie Evans, BSc(Hon), MH is an herbalist, doula and prenatal educator currently enrolled in a Bachelor of Midwifery program.    She’s passionate about the parents’ and baby’s experience of birth and believes good care includes more than simply physical health.   angie@AngieEvans.ca

References

AAP/AHA/CPS. (2006). Neonatal resuscitation textbook (5th ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Paediatric Society.

 Alberta Health Services. (2007). Maximum blood draw protocol for pediatric patients.

 American Heart Association. (2005, Nov). 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care - Part 13: Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines. Retrieved Jan 2012, from American Heart Association Journals: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/24_suppl/IV-188.full

 Asfour, V., & Bewley, S. (2011). Cord clamping practice could affect the ratio of placental weight to birthweight and perinatal outcomes. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology,  118 (12), 1539-40.

 Australian Resuscitation Council. (2010). Introduction to resuscitation of the newborn infant. Retrieved Feb 2012, from The Australian Resuscitation Council Online: http://www.resus.org.au/

 Barret, L. (2008). Resuscitation of the newborn. Retrieved from Homebirth: A Midwife Mutiny: http://www.homebirth.net.au/2008/04/resuscitation-of-newborn.html

 Buckley, D. S. (2005). Gentle birth,gentle mothering. Brisbane: One Moon.

 Canadian NRP Steering Committee. (2010). Addendum to the NRP provider textbook 6th edition: Recommendations for specific treatment modifications in the Canadian context. Ottawa: Canadian Paediatric Society.

 Chaparro, C. M., Neufeld, L. M., Alavez, G. T., Cedillo, R. E.-L., & Dewey, K. G. (2006). Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on iron status in Mexican infants: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet , 367 (9527), 1997-2004.

 Crews, C. (2007). Clamping of the umbilical cord - Immediate or delayed. Is this really an issue? Retrieved Feb 2012, from Midwifery Services of South Texas: http://www.midwiferyservices.org/umbilical_cord_clamping.htm

 CRYO-CELL International Inc. (2011). Cord blood collection instructions . Florida.

 De Paco, C., Florido, J., Garrido, M., Prados, S., & Navarrete, L. (2011). Umbilical cord blood acid-base and gas analysis after early versus delayed cord clamping in neonates at term. Arch Gynecol Obstet , 283 (5), 1011-4.

 Fogelson, D. N. (2011). Delayed Cord Clamping Grand Rounds. USC School of Medicine, A.P. Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology. South Carolina: Palmetto Health Grand Rounds.

 Frye, A. (2004). Holistic midwifery, Vol 2, Care during labour and birth. Portland: Labrys.

 Greene, A. (2008). How much blood is too much guideline. Retrieved from Dr Greene: http://www.drgreene.com/article/how-much-blood-too-much-guideline

 Kattwinkel, et al. (2010). Special Report Neonatal Resuscitation: 2010 AmericanHeart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Pediatrics , 126 (5), 1400-1413.

 Mercer, J. S., Vohr, B. R., McGrath, M. M., Padbury, J. F., Wallach, M., & Oh, W. (2006). Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemmorhage and late onset sepsis; A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics , 117 (4), 1235-1242.

 Morley, D. G. (2011, July). Neonatal resuscitation: Life that failed. Retrieved Jan 2012, from UBM Medica: http://hcp.obgyn.net/fetal-monitoring/content/article/1760982/1911275

 Reed, R. (2011). Cord blood collection: confessions of a vampire-midwife. Retrieved from Midwife Thinking: http://midwifethinking.com/2011/02/10/cord-blood-collection-confessions-of-a-vampire-midwife/

 Resuscitation Council (UK). (2010). Newborn life support guidelines. London: Resuscitation Council (UK).

 Resuscitation Council (UK). (2001). RESUSCITATION AT BIRTH, The Newborn Life Support Provider Course Manual (2nd ed.). London, UK: Resuscitation Council (UK).

 Richmond, S., & Wyllie, J. (2010, Aug). European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2010. Section 7. Resuscitation of babies at birth. J. Resuscitation , 1389-1399.

 SOGC. (2012, Feb). Clinical Practice Guidelines. Retrieved Feb 2012, from SOGC (Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada): http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/index_e.asp

 Strange, K. (2009, Jan). NRP for midwives certification class. Seattle, WA.

 Tolosa, J. N., Park, D.-H., Eve, D. J., Klasko, S. K., Borlongan, C. V., & Sanberg, P. R. (2010). Mankind’s first natural stem cell transplant. J. Cell. Mol. Med. , 14 (3), 488-95.

 University of Liverpool. (2011, June). City experts develop life-saving trolley for newborn babies. Retrieved Nov 2011, from University of Liverpool University News: https://news.liv.ac.uk/2011/06/17/city-experts-develop-life-saving-trolley-for-newborn-babies/

 Usher, R., Shephard, M., & Lind, J. (1963). The blood volume of the newborn infant and placental transfusion. Acta Paediatrica - Nurturing the Child , 52 (5), 497-512.

 Weaver, P., & Evans, S. (2007). Practical skills guide for midwifery (4th ed.). Wasilla, AK: Morningstar

 WHO. (1999). Basic newborn resuscitation practical guide - Revision. Geneva: World health Organization Safe Motherhood Unit.

 Wright, A. (2011, June). BASICS: Bedside Assessment, Stabilisation and Initial Cardiorespiratory Support. Retrieved Feb 2012, from Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust: http://www.lw.nhs.uk/Library/news_centre/Life_Saving_Trolley_Basics_Case_Study.pdf

 Yao, A., & Lind, J. (1969, Sep). Effect of gravity on placental transfusion. The Lancet .

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[1] Clamping refers to clamping and/or cutting the umbilical cord.  Clamping, whether cut or not, immediately halts placental transfusion.  Clients who ask for delayed cord-cutting could be counselled to request delayed clamping.    

Cytotec Induction Dangers: What if Viagra Made Penises Explode?

(There is a connection – stay with me here!)

Cytotec (misoprostol) is a drug for stomach ulcers.  However, it is used "off-label" in the USA to induce labour, per obstetrical guidelines.  It’s not approved by the FDA for such use.  In fact the manufacturer issued a written warning against use of Cytotec for labour induction as it can cause hyper-contraction of the uterus, which can lead to uterine rupture, which can obviously lead to death.

So, when Cytotec is used as directed by the ACOG (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), a well documented, possible side effect is uterine rupture.   

Ina May Gaskin started a quilt project in which each square represents a woman who died in childbirth.  Many of these squares are dedicated to women who received Cytotec induction. 

This issue was raised by some classmates today.  Many good points were made; the most obvious being, why are Cytotec inductions allowed, despite ample evidence to show it's a dangerous practice.  It was suggested that this demonstrates the extent of disregard for women and their bodies.  My friend and classmate, Kelly Graham, a passionate advocate for women's health, speculated, "I wonder how many (of these same) doctors would prescribe Viagra if a side effect was penis explosion.”  Or - another analogy - would we use a drug to help asthma if a possible side effect was ruptured lungs?

Enough said.       

Want to explore further?

• Ina May Safe Motherhood Quilt Project:  http://www.rememberthemothers.org/
• Ina May Gaskin article, Induced and Seduced:  The Dangers of Cytotec: http://www.whatisaids.com/cytotec107.htm
• ACOG Induction Guideline:  http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=14884
• A comparison of the American and UK guidelines for induction:  http://guideline.gov/syntheses/synthesis.aspx?id=24079
• RCOG Induction Guidelines (UK), which recommend: “Misoprostol should only be offered as a method of induction of labour to women who have intrauterine fetal death or in the context of a clinical trial.”  http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12012/41255/41255.pdf
• Canadian Induction Guidelines (discussion of Misoprostol starts at the bottom of p4):   http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/public/107E-CPG-August2001.pdf 
• Cytotec Pharmaceutical Insert, which begins with an all-caps warning enclosed in a text-box: “CYTOTEC (MISOPROSTOL) ADMINISTRATION TO WOMEN WHO ARE PREGNANT CAN CAUSE ABORTION, PREMATURE BIRTH, OR BIRTH DEFECTS. UTERINE RUPTURE HAS BEEN REPORTED WHEN CYTOTEC WAS ADMINISTERED IN PREGNANT WOMEN TO INDUCE LABOR OR TO INDUCE ABORTION BEYOND THE EIGHTH WEEK OF PREGNANCY.”    http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/019268s041lbl.pdf  
• Warning sent to physicians from Searle, the Cytotec manufacturer:  http://www.aims.org.uk/Journal/Vol13No3/searle.htm  
• Henci Goer’s blog, ACOG’s 2009 Induction Guidelines: Spin Doctoring Misoprostol (Cytotec):  http://www.scienceandsensibility.org/?p=467

References for neonatal resuscitation presentation

Click here to see presentation on YouTube

References

• American Academy of Pediatrics /American Heart Association / Canadian Paediatric Society. (2006). Neonatal resuscitation textbook (5th ed.). Ottawa: Canadian Paediatric Society.
• American Heart Association. (2005). 2005 American heart association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care - part 13: neonatal resuscitation guidelines. Retrieved from American Heart Association Journals: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/24_suppl/IV-188.full
• Asfour, V., & Bewley, S. (2011). Cord clamping practice could affect the ratio of placental weight to birthweight and perinatal outcomes. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology,, 118 (12), 1539-40.
• Australian Resuscitation Council. (2010). Introduction to resuscitation of the newborn infant. Retrieved Feb 2012, from The Australian Resuscitation Council Online: http://www.resus.org.au/
• Buckley, D. S. (2005). Gentle Birth, Gentle Mothering. Brisbane: One Moon.
• Canadian NRP Steering Committee. (2010). Addendum to the NRP provider textbook 6th Edition: Recommendations for specific treatment modifications in the Canadian context. Ottawa: Canadian Paediatric Society.
• Chaparro, C. M., Neufeld, L. M., Alavez, G. T., Cedillo, R. E.-L., & Dewey, K. G. (2006). Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on iron status in Mexican infants: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet , 367 (9527), 1997-2004.
• Crews, C. (2007). Clamping of the umbilical cord - immediate or delayed. Is this really an issue? Retrieved Feb 2012, from Midwifery Services of South Texas: http://www.midwiferyservices.org/umbilical_cord_clamping.htm
• De Paco, C., Florido, J., Garrido, M., Prados, S., & Navarrete, L. (2011). Umbilical cord blood acid-base and gas analysis after early versus delayed cord clamping in neonates at term. Arch Gynecol Obstet , 283 (5), 1011-4.
• Fogelson, D. N. (2011). Delayed cord clamping grandrRounds. USC School of Medicine, A.P. Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology. South Carolina: Palmetto Health Grand Rounds.
• Frye, A. (2004). Holistic midwifery, vol 2, care during labour and birth. Portland: Labrys.
• Kattwinkel et al. (2010). Special report neonatal resuscitation: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Pediatrics , 126 (5), 1400-1413.
• Mercer, J. S., Vohr, B. R., McGrath, M. M., Padbury, J. F., Wallach, M., & Oh, W. (2006). Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemmorhage and late onset sepsis; a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics , 117 (4), 1235-1242.
• Morley, D. G. (2011). Neonatal resuscitation: life that failed. Retrieved Jan 2012, from UBM Medica: http://hcp.obgyn.net/fetal-monitoring/content/article/1760982/1911275
• Resuscitation Council (UK). (2010). Newborn life support guidelines. London: Resuscitation Council (UK).
• Resuscitation Council (UK). (2001). Resuscitation at birth, the newborn life support provider course manual (2nd ed.). London, UK: Resuscitation Council (UK).
• Richmond, S., & Wyllie, J. (2010). European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010. Section 7. Resuscitation of babies at birth. J. Resuscitation , 1389-1399.
• SOGC. (2012). Clinical practice guidelines. Retrieved Feb 2012, from SOGC (Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada): http://www.sogc.org/guidelines/index_e.asp
• Strange, K. (2009). NRP for midwives certification class. Seattle, WA.
• Tolosa, J. N., Park, D.-H., Eve, D. J., Klasko, S. K., Borlongan, C. V., & Sanberg, P. R. (2010). Mankind’s first natural stem cell transplant. J. Cell. Mol. Med. , 14 (3), 488-95.
• University of Liverpool. (2011). City experts develop life-saving trolley for newborn babies. Retrieved from University of Liverpool University News: https://news.liv.ac.uk/2011/06/17/city-experts-develop-life-saving-trolley-for-newborn-babies/
• Usher, R., Shephard, M., & Lind, J. (1963). The Blood Volume of the Newborn Infant and Placental Transfusion. Acta Paediatrica - Nurturing the Child , 52 (5), 497-512.
• Weaver, P., & Evans, S. (2007). Practical skills guide for midwifery (4th ed.). Wasilla, AK: Morningstar.
• WHO. (1999). Basic newborn resuscitation practical guide - revision. Geneva: World Health Organization Safe Motherhood Unit.
• Wright, A. (2011). BASICS: Bedside Assessment, Stabilisation and Initial Cardiorespiratory Support. Retrieved from Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust: http://www.lw.nhs.uk/Library/news_centre/Life_Saving_Trolley_Basics_Case_Study.pdf
• Yao, A., & Lind, J. (1969). Effect of gravity on placental transfusion. The Lancet .